Story of Hasan ibn Ali (Part 2)

 

Mobilization of troops and subsequent mutiny

As the information on Mu'awiya's military arrived at Hasan, he requested his neighborhood lead representatives to activate, then, at that point tended to individuals of Kufa: God had recommended the jihad for his creation and considered it a terrible obligation (Kurh, Qur'an 2:216).[70] There was no reaction from the beginning, as, as indicated by Madelung, some clan leaders, paid by Mu'awiya, were hesitant to move. Hasan's buddies chided them, finding out if they wouldn't reply to the child of Muhammad's girl. Going to Hasan, they guaranteed him of their dutifulness, and quickly left for the conflict camp. Hasan appreciated them and later went along with them at Nukhayla (a military summoning ground outside Kufa), where individuals were meeting up in huge groups.[71] Hasan named Ubayd Allah ibn al-Abbas (or Abd Allah ibn Abbas[72]) as the officer of his vanguard of twelve thousand men to move to Maskin. There he was advised to hold Mu'awiya until Hasan showed up with the fundamental armed force. He was prompted not to battle except if assaulted, and that he ought to talk with Qays ibn Sa'd, who was delegated as second in command.[23][73][74][75] According to Madelung, the decision of Ubayd Allah ibn al-Abbas, who had recently given up Yemen, the region under his standard, to Mu'awiya's powers without war, and was advised by Ali for it, shows that Hasan was wanting to come to a tranquil conclusion.[76]

 While his vanguard was hanging tight for his landing in Maskin, Hasan himself confronted revolt at his camp close to al-Mada'in. He expressed in his discourse that he bore no disdain, contempt, or malicious expectations towards anybody, that "whatever they despised in local area was superior to what they adored in schism",[77][73] and that he was taking care of their wellbeing, better than they, at the end of the day, educating them not to ignore whatever orders he offered them.[23] Taking this as a hint that he planned to wipe the slate clean with Mu'awiya, a portion of the soldiers revolted, plundering his tent,[78][79] and holding onto the supplication floor covering from under him. While his supporters were accompanying him to security in al-Mada'in, a Kharijite named al-Jarrah ibn Sinan trapped and injured Hasan in thigh, blaming him for unbelief like "his dad before him". The assailant was ultimately overwhelmed and killed, and Hasan was really focused on by his legislative leader of al-Mada'in, Sa'd ibn Mas'ud al-Thaqafi.[77][80][81] The information on this assault, having been spread by Mu'awiya, further unsettled Hasan's military, and prompted broad desertions.[23][82]

Hasan's vanguard at Al-Maskin

At the point when the Kufans vanguard arrived at al-Maskin, they understood that Mu'awiya had effectively shown up. Mu'awiya sent an agent to reveal to them that he had gotten letters from Hasan mentioning a truce. He encouraged the Kufans not to assault until the discussions are finished. Mu'awiya's case was perhaps bogus, yet he had valid justification to feel that he could make Hasan surrender.[23][83] The Kufans, nonetheless, offended Mu'awiya's agent. Then, at that point, Mu'awiya sent the agent to visit Ubayd Allah in private, and to pledge to him that Hasan had mentioned a ceasefire from Mu'awiya, and offered Ubayd Allah 1,000,000 dirhams, half to be paid without a moment's delay, the other half in Kufa, if he exchanged sides. Ubayd Allah acknowledged and abandoned around evening time to Mu'awiya's camp. Mu'awiya was incredibly satisfied and satisfied his guarantee to him.[30][83] 

The following morning, Qays ibn Sa'd assumed responsibility for Hasan's soldiers and, in his lesson, seriously upbraided Ubayd Allah, his dad and his brother.[84] Believing that the abandonment of Ubayd Allah had broken the soul of his adversary, Mu'awiya sent Busr with an equipped power to drive their acquiescence. Qays, nonetheless, assaulted and drove him back. The following day Busr assaulted with a bigger power however was rebuffed once more. Mu'awiya then, at that point sent a letter to Qays offering pay-offs yet Qays refused.[23] As the information on the mob against Hasan and of his having been injured shown up, notwithstanding, the two sides kept away from battling to hang tight for additional news.[85] According to Vaglieri, Iraqis had no wish to battle and every day a gathering of them joined Mu'awiya. It appears to be that 8000 men out of 12000, followed the case of their general, Ubayd Allah, and joined Mu'awiya.[86]

Treaty with Mu'awiya

Mu'awiya, who had effectively begun dealings with Hasan, presently sent undeniable level emissaries, while submitting himself in a saw letter to select Hasan his replacement and give him whatever he wished. Hasan acknowledged the proposal on a basic level and sent Amr ibn Salima al-Hamdani al-Arhabl and his own brother by marriage Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath al-Kindi back to Mu'awiya as his mediators, alongside Mu'awiya's agents. Mu'awiya then, at that point composed a letter saying that he was reconciling with Hasan, who might become caliph after him. He swore that he would not look to hurt him, and that he would give him 1,000,000 dirhams from the depository (bayt al-mal) yearly, alongside the land duty of Fasa and Darabjird, which Hasan was to send his own expense specialists to gather. The letter was seen by the four agents and dated in August 661.[25][87] 

At the point when Hasan read the letter, he remarked that Mu'awiya looked for "to engage his insatiability for something which he, assuming he wanted it, would not give up to him."[37] he sent Abd Allah ibn al-Harith, whose mother, Hind, was Mu'awiya's sister, to Mu'awiya, teaching him: Go to your uncle and advise him: If you award wellbeing to individuals I will promise loyalty to you. A short time later, Mu'awiya gave him a clear paper with his seal at the base, welcoming Hasan to compose on it whatever he desired.[23][25] 

As per Jafri, antiquarians like Ya'qubi and al-Masudi don't specify the conditions of the ceasefire by any stretch of the imagination. Different history specialists, like Dinawari, ibn Abd al-Barr and ibn al-Athir record various records of the conditions, and the circumstance of the dark sheet sent by Mu'awiya to Hasan was confounding in al-Tabari's account.[23] The most exhaustive record, which clarifies the distinctive vague records of different sources, as per Jafri, is given by Ahmad ibn A'tham, which probably taken it from al-Mada'ini.[23] Madelung's view is near that of Jafri when he specifies that Hasan abandoned relying on the prerequisite that Mu'awiya act adjusting to the Qur'an, the Sunna and the lead of the appropriately directed caliphs, each one ought to be protected and Mu'awiya have not the option to name the following caliph.[37][88][75]

Abdication and retirement in Medina

After the truce with Hasan, Mu'awiya set out with his soldiers to Kufa where in broad daylight give up function, he requested that Hasan stand up and apologize. After first disproving, Hasan rose and reminded individuals that he and Husayn were the solitary grandsons of Muhammad, and that he had given up the rule to Mu'awiya "to the greatest advantage of the community":[89] Hasan declared:[90][23] 

O individuals, doubtlessly it was God who drove you by the first of us and Who has saved you gore by the remainder of us. I find made harmony with Mu'awiya, and I know not whether haply this be not intended for your preliminary, and that ye may have fun for a period [Qur'an 21:111]. [90] 

In his own discourse Mu'awiya denied all his past vows to Hassan and others, which were made exclusively to stop the revolt.[91] According to another record, Mu'awiya disclosed to them that the motivation behind why he had battled them was not to make them ask, quick, play out the journey, and give aid, taking into account that they had been now doing those, yet to be their Amir (Commander or Leader), and God had presented that to him against their will.[d][83] Then he yelled: 

God's insurance is disintegrated from any individual who doesn't approach and vow faithfulness. Definitely, I have looked for retribution for the blood of Uthman, may God kill his killers, and have returned the reign to those to whom it has a place regardless of the malignity of certain individuals. We award relief of three evenings. Whoever has not promised devotion by then will have no assurance and no pardon.[83] 

Then, at that point individuals hurried from each course to pledge allegiance.[23] While as yet setting up camp external Kufah, Mu'awiya confronted a Kharijite revolt.[93] He sent a mounted force troop against them, however they were beaten back. Mu'awiya then, at that point sent after Hasan, who had effectively left for Medina, and directed him to return and battle against the Kharijites. Hasan, who had arrived at al-Qadisiyyah, composed back that he surrendered the battle against Mu'awiyah, in spite of the fact that it was his lawful right, for harmony and compromise in the Community, not for battling in his side.[23][94] 

In the nine-year time frame between Hasan's resignation in 41 AH (661 CE) and his passing in 50 AH (670 CE), Hasan resigned in Al-Medinah,[95] attempting to keep unapproachable from political association possibly in support of Mu'awiya. Disregarding that, in any case, he was viewed as the head of Muhammad's family, by the Banu Hashim themselves and the hardliners of Ali, who placed their trust in his last progression to Mu'awiya.[96][23] Occasionally, Shias, generally from Kufah, went to Hasan in little gatherings, and requested that he be their chief, a solicitation to which he declined to react, as he enjoyed marked a harmony deal with Mu'awiya.[97] Madelung has cited Al-Baladhuri,[e] as saying that Hasan, based on his tranquility terms with Mu'awiya, sent his duty authorities to Fasa and Darabjird. The caliph had, in any case, trained Abdullah ibn Aamir, presently again legislative head of Basra, to induce the Basrans to fight that this cash had a place with them by right of their success, and they pursued Hasan's expense authorities out of the two areas. As per Madelung, notwithstanding, that Hasan would send charge authorities from Al-Medinah to Iran, after having made plain that he would not join Mu'awiya in battling the Kharijites, is altogether incredible.[23][98] When Mu'awiya discovered that Hasan would not help his administration, relations between them became worse.[37]

Death and burial

It is said that Hasan was harmed by his better half, Ja'da bint al-Ash'at.[f][g][100][101] According to Veccia Vaglieri, Hassan passed on of a drawn out ailment, or from harming, which many sources trait it to one of his spouses, Ja'da, the girl of Ash'ath. Mu'awiya is said to have incited her with the guarantee of a huge amount of cash, just as the guarantee of her union with Yazid.[102] Madelung accepts that the renowned early Islamic student of history al-Tabari smothered this story out of worry for the confidence of the normal people.[103][101] Hasan is said to have wouldn't name his suspect to Husayn, for dread that some unacceptable individual would be killed in revenge.[104] He was 38 years of age when he resigned the rule to Mu'awiya, who was 58 years of age at that point. This distinction in age demonstrates a genuine hindrance for Mu'awiya, who needed to assign his child, Yazid, as his beneficiary clear. This was far-fetched because of the terms on which Hasan had resigned to Mu'awiya; and thinking about the huge distinction in age, Mu'awiya would not have trusted that Hasan would normally kick the bucket before him.[23] Hence, Mu'awiya would normally be associated with taking part in a killing that eliminated a snag to the progression of his child Yazid.[105][99]

The entombment of Hasan's body close to that of his granddad, Muhammad, was one more issue which might have prompted carnage. Hasan had taught his siblings to cover him close to his granddad, however that assuming they dreaded insidiousness, they were to cover him in the graveyard of al-Baqi. The Umayyad lead representative, Sa'id ibn al-'As, didn't meddle, however Marwan swore that he would not allow Hasan to be covered close to Muhammad with Abu Bakr and Umar, while Uthman was covered in the Cemetery of Al-Baqi. Banu Hashim and Banu Umayyah were nearly a battle, with their allies wielding their weapons. Now, Abu Hurairah, who was on Banu Hashim, notwithstanding having recently served Mu'awiya determined to request the acquiescence of the enemies of Uthman,[106] attempted to dissuade Marwan, revealing to him how Muhammad had exceptionally respected Hasan and Husayn.[107] Nevertheless, Marwan, who was a cousin of Uthman, was unconvinced,[108] however Aisha, while sitting on a donkey chose not to allow Hasan to be covered close to his granddad, and said the internment place was important for the property she lived in.[109] ibn Abbas, censured Aisha by saying What naughtiness you achieve, one day on a donkey and one day on a camel! alluding to her sitting on a camel in a conflict against Hasan's dad at the clash of the Camel.[110] Her refusal to permit Hasan to be covered close to his granddad, in spite of permitting her dad, Abu Bakr, and Umar to be covered there, annoyed the allies of Ali.[111]

Then, at that point Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah reminded Husayn that Hasan made the matter contingent by saying except if you dread evil.[103] And so the body was conveyed to the Cemetery of Al-Baqi.[112] Marwan joined the transporters, and, when examined regarding it, said that he gave his regard to a man "whose ḥilm [forbearance] weighed mountains."[113] Husayn drove the burial service prayer.[114] Hassan's burial place was subsequently transformed into a sanctum and an arch was based on it. Later on, it was obliterated by the Wahhabis twice; once in 1806 and the other time in 1927.[h][115]